Raqqa - Madinat ar-Rafiqa wall - one of the wall tower

Raqqa – Madinat ar-Rafiqa wall – one of the wall tower

General view from the north, Temple of Bel

General view from the north, Temple of Bel

Qasr al-Hayr al-Sharqi, upper part of one of the towers, flanking the gate

Qasr al-Hayr al-Sharqi, upper part of one of the towers, flanking the gate

Great Mosque, Minaret

Great Mosque, Minaret

Damascus citadel from the inside, round 1930

Damascus citadel from the inside, round 1930

Part of the remains of Shayzar Castle

Part of the remains of Shayzar Castle

Burj as-Saʿa, qastal window

Burj as-Saʿa, qastal window

Burj as-Saʿa, spouts of the Qastal

Burj as-Saʿa, spouts of the Qastal

Burj as-Saʿa, the entrance

Burj as-Saʿa, the entrance

Burj as-Saʿa, inscription

Burj as-Saʿa, inscription

Burj as-Saʿa, upper part of the entrance

Burj as-Saʿa, upper part of the entrance

Burj as-Saʿa, general view

Burj as-Saʿa, general view

Burj as-Saʿa, general view

Burj as-Saʿa, general view

Citadel of Aleppo, Entrance Gateway

Citadel of Aleppo, Entrance Gateway

A view of al-Marqab castle located on a high hill

A view of al-Marqab castle located on a high hill

Previous state, inscription in main façade of the fortified tower north of Bab Antakiya, Aleppo, Syria

Fig.41-a3_Close-up view of inscription

Previous state 1995, main façade of the fortified tower north of Bab Antakiya, Aleppo, Syria

Fig.41_View with ornamental details, spolia, and a coat of arms

Previous state, inscription in main façade of the fortified tower north of Bab Antakiya, Aleppo, Syria

Fig.41-a3_Close-up view of inscription

Previous state, ornamental detail in main façade of the fortified tower north of Bab Antakiya, Aleppo, Syria

Fig.41-a2_Close-up view of ornamental medallion/ window

Previous state 1995, main façade of the fortified tower north of Bab Antakiya, Aleppo, Syria

Fig.41_View with ornamental details, spolia, and a coat of arms

Plan of building parts: example based on the plan of Great Umayyad Mosque of Aleppo

Umayyad-mosque-Aleppo_1_plan-of-building-parts

Rubble stone with carved Arabic inscription

Rubble stone with carved Arabic inscription in Aleppo

A photo of two towers, Jaʿbar castle

A photo of two towers, Jaʿbar castle

Jaʿbar castle, southern side of the castle

Jaʿbar castle, southern side of the castle

Great Mosque, Minaret

Great Mosque, Minaret

Aleppo Great Mosque, minaret, foundation inscriptions on the base

Aleppo Great Mosque, minaret, foundation inscriptions on the base

at-Tabqa, Jaʿbar Castle, Towers of western walls

at-Tabqa, Jaʿbar Castle, Towers of western walls

at-Tabqa, Jaʿbar Castle, Towers of western walls

at-Tabqa, Jaʿbar Castle, Towers of western walls

The minaret of Balis Mosque, rebuilt near Maskana

The minaret of Balis Mosque, rebuilt near Maskana

Damage pattern, delamination/ separation of wall leaves, San Salvatore, Campi, Perugia, Italy

Fig. 14, Catalogue of Damage